cmd/go: allow querying other versions of the main module

cmd/go: allow querying other versions of the main module

'go mod download' and a few other commands can now query specific
versions of the main module.

'go get' still reports an error when attempting to update the main
module.

Fixes #42524

Change-Id: Ia93ef8f5f34443e938667c48a0db432200108c63
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/270520
Trust: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>
Run-TryBot: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Go Bot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>