fmt: optimize %x and %X formatting for byte slices and strings

fmt: optimize %x and %X formatting for byte slices and strings

No extra buffering is needed to save the encoding
since the left padding can be computed and written out
before the encoding is generated.

Add extra tests to both string and byte slice formatting.

name                old time/op  new time/op  delta
SprintfHexString-2   410ns ± 3%   194ns ± 3%  -52.60%  (p=0.000 n=20+19)
SprintfHexBytes-2    431ns ± 3%   202ns ± 2%  -53.13%  (p=0.000 n=18+20)

Change-Id: Ibca4316427c89f834e4faee61614493c7eedb42b
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/20097
Run-TryBot: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>