go/internal/gcimporter: ensure tests pass even if GOROOT is read-only

go/internal/gcimporter: ensure tests pass even if GOROOT is read-only

This mainly entails writing compiler output files to a temporary
directory, as well as the corrupted files in TestVersionHandling.

Updates #28387

Change-Id: I6b3619a91fff27011c7d73daa4febd14a6c5c348
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/146119
Run-TryBot: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>