cmd/gc: rewrite argtype to substitute in a single pass

cmd/gc: rewrite argtype to substitute in a single pass

Substituting in multiple passes meant walking the type
multiple times, and worse, if a complex type was substituted
in an early pass, later passes would follow it, possibly recursively,
until hitting the depth 10 limit.

Change-Id: Ie61d6ec08438e297baabe932afe33d08f358e55f
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/7625
Reviewed-by: Josh Bleecher Snyder <josharian@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>