math/big: implement Lehmer's GCD algorithm

math/big: implement Lehmer's GCD algorithm

Updates #15833

Lehmer's GCD algorithm uses single precision calculations
to simulate several steps of multiple precision calculations
in Euclid's GCD algorithm which leads to a considerable
speed up.  This implementation uses Collins' simplified
testing condition on the single digit cosequences which
requires only one quotient and avoids any possibility of
overflow.

name                          old time/op  new time/op  delta
GCD10x10/WithoutXY-4          1.82µs ±24%  0.28µs ± 6%  -84.40%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
GCD10x10/WithXY-4             1.69µs ± 6%  1.71µs ± 6%     ~     (p=0.595 n=5+5)
GCD10x100/WithoutXY-4         1.87µs ± 2%  0.56µs ± 4%  -70.13%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
GCD10x100/WithXY-4            2.61µs ± 2%  2.65µs ± 4%     ~     (p=0.635 n=5+5)
GCD10x1000/WithoutXY-4        2.75µs ± 2%  1.48µs ± 1%  -46.06%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
GCD10x1000/WithXY-4           5.29µs ± 2%  5.25µs ± 2%     ~     (p=0.548 n=5+5)
GCD10x10000/WithoutXY-4       10.7µs ± 2%  10.3µs ± 0%   -4.38%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
GCD10x10000/WithXY-4          22.3µs ± 6%  22.1µs ± 1%     ~     (p=1.000 n=5+5)
GCD10x100000/WithoutXY-4      93.7µs ± 2%  99.4µs ± 2%   +6.09%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
GCD10x100000/WithXY-4          196µs ± 2%   199µs ± 2%     ~     (p=0.222 n=5+5)
GCD100x100/WithoutXY-4        10.1µs ± 2%   2.5µs ± 2%  -74.84%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
GCD100x100/WithXY-4           21.4µs ± 2%  21.3µs ± 7%     ~     (p=0.548 n=5+5)
GCD100x1000/WithoutXY-4       11.3µs ± 2%   4.4µs ± 4%  -60.87%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
GCD100x1000/WithXY-4          24.7µs ± 3%  23.9µs ± 1%     ~     (p=0.056 n=5+5)
GCD100x10000/WithoutXY-4      26.6µs ± 1%  20.0µs ± 2%  -24.82%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
GCD100x10000/WithXY-4         78.7µs ± 2%  78.2µs ± 2%     ~     (p=0.690 n=5+5)
GCD100x100000/WithoutXY-4      174µs ± 2%   171µs ± 1%     ~     (p=0.056 n=5+5)
GCD100x100000/WithXY-4         563µs ± 4%   561µs ± 2%     ~     (p=1.000 n=5+5)
GCD1000x1000/WithoutXY-4       120µs ± 5%    29µs ± 3%  -75.71%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
GCD1000x1000/WithXY-4          355µs ± 4%   358µs ± 2%     ~     (p=0.841 n=5+5)
GCD1000x10000/WithoutXY-4      140µs ± 2%    49µs ± 2%  -65.07%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
GCD1000x10000/WithXY-4         626µs ± 3%   628µs ± 9%     ~     (p=0.690 n=5+5)
GCD1000x100000/WithoutXY-4     340µs ± 4%   259µs ± 6%  -23.79%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
GCD1000x100000/WithXY-4       3.76ms ± 4%  3.82ms ± 5%     ~     (p=0.310 n=5+5)
GCD10000x10000/WithoutXY-4    3.11ms ± 3%  0.54ms ± 2%  -82.74%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
GCD10000x10000/WithXY-4       7.96ms ± 3%  7.69ms ± 3%     ~     (p=0.151 n=5+5)
GCD10000x100000/WithoutXY-4   3.88ms ± 1%  1.27ms ± 2%  -67.21%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
GCD10000x100000/WithXY-4      38.1ms ± 2%  38.8ms ± 1%     ~     (p=0.095 n=5+5)
GCD100000x100000/WithoutXY-4   208ms ± 1%    25ms ± 4%  -88.07%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
GCD100000x100000/WithXY-4      533ms ± 5%   525ms ± 4%     ~     (p=0.548 n=5+5)

Change-Id: Ic1e007eb807b93e75f4752e968e98c1f0cb90e43
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/59450
Run-TryBot: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>