cmd/go: add //go:embed support

cmd/go: add //go:embed support

The final piece of //go:embed support: have the go command stitch
together parsing in go/build, low-level data initialization in cmd/compile,
and the new data structures in package embed, to make the //go:embed
feature actually function.

And test, now that all the pieces are available to work together.

For #41191.
(Issue not fixed: still need to add a tool for use by Bazel.)

Change-Id: Ib1d198345c3b4d557d340f292eda13b984b65d65
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/243945
Trust: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Trust: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>
Trust: Johan Brandhorst <johan.brandhorst@gmail.com>
Run-TryBot: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Go Bot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Johan Brandhorst <johan.brandhorst@gmail.com>