encoding/base64, encoding/base32: make Encode faster

encoding/base64, encoding/base32: make Encode faster

Storing temporary values to a slice is slower than storing
them to local variables of type byte.

benchmark                         old MB/s     new MB/s  speedup
BenchmarkEncodeToStringBase32       102.21       156.66    1.53x
BenchmarkEncodeToStringBase64       124.25       177.91    1.43x

LGTM=crawshaw
R=golang-codereviews, crawshaw, bradfitz, dave
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/109820045