runtime: pass key/value to map accessors by reference, not by value.

runtime: pass key/value to map accessors by reference, not by value.

This change is part of the plan to get rid of all vararg C calls
which are a pain for getting exact stack scanning.

We allocate a chunk of zero memory to return a pointer to when a
map access doesn't find the key.  This is simpler than returning nil
and fixing things up in the caller.  Linker magic allocates a single
zero memory area that is shared by all (non-reflect-generated) map
types.

Passing things by reference gets rid of some copies, so it speeds
up code with big keys/values.

benchmark             old ns/op    new ns/op    delta
BenchmarkBigKeyMap           34           31   -8.48%
BenchmarkBigValMap           37           30  -18.62%
BenchmarkSmallKeyMap         26           23  -11.28%

R=golang-dev, dvyukov, khr, rsc
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/14794043