cmd/link/internal/ld: don't panic on short buildid
When the linker was written in C, command line arguments were passed
around as null-terminated byte arrays which encouraged checking
characters one at a time. In Go, that can easily lead to
out-of-bounds panics.
Use the more idiomatic strings.HasPrefix when checking cmd/link's -B
argument to avoid the panic, and replace the manual hex decode with
use of the encoding/hex package.