cmd/compile: upgrade prove pass to know results of math/bits ops are nonnegative

cmd/compile: upgrade prove pass to know results of math/bits ops are nonnegative

Fixes #51963

Change-Id: Ib9e0521222e6fc41e787f3150b254e058a19addc
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/396036
Trust: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gopher Robot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Jakub Ciolek <jakub@ciolek.dev>
Reviewed-by: David Chase <drchase@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Eric Fang <eric.fang@arm.com>