strconv: simplify and optimize Itoa(small)

strconv: simplify and optimize Itoa(small)

Use substring of digits for values < 10.

name                 old time/op  new time/op  delta
FormatIntSmall/7-4   4.54ns ± 1%  3.70ns ± 1%  -18.41%  (p=0.000 n=18+17)
FormatIntSmall/42-4  4.54ns ± 1%  4.13ns ± 1%   -9.02%  (p=0.000 n=16+18)

Change-Id: I0b521b563c13ef88aa2701049fa4a43760e884af
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/111285
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>