[dev.link] cmd/internal/obj: make integer/float constant symbols content-addressable

[dev.link] cmd/internal/obj: make integer/float constant symbols content-addressable

Fill in the data at compile time, and get rid of the preprocess
function in the linker.

We need to be careful with symbol alignment: data symbols are
generally naturally aligned, except for string symbols which are
not aligned. When deduplicating two symbols with same content but
different alignments, we need to keep the biggest alignment.

Change-Id: I4bd96adfdc5f704b5bf3a0e723457c9bfe16a684
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/242081
Run-TryBot: Cherry Zhang <cherryyz@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Jeremy Faller <jeremy@golang.org>