go/types: avoid infinite recursion in unification

go/types: avoid infinite recursion in unification

This is an almost clean port of CL 352832 from types2 to go/types:
The nest files and unify.go where copied verbatim; unify.go was
adjusted with correct package name, a slightly different comment
was restored to what it was. The test files got adjustments for
error position. infer.go got a missing _Todo error code.

For #48619.
For #48656.

Change-Id: Ia1a2d09e8bb37a85032b4b7e7c7a0b08e8c793a5
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/353029
Trust: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Robert Findley <rfindley@google.com>