cmd/vet: restructure to be package-driven

cmd/vet: restructure to be package-driven
This is a simple refactoring of main.go that will enable the type checker
to be used during vetting.
The change has an unimportant effect on the arguments: it now assumes
that all files named explicitly on the command line belong to the same
package. When run by the go command, this was true already.

Also restore a missing parenthesis from an error message.

R=golang-dev, gri, bradfitz
CC=golang-dev
https://golang.org/cl/7393052