cmd/compile: add Prog cache to Progs

cmd/compile: add Prog cache to Progs

The existing bulk/cached Prog allocator, Ctxt.NewProg, is not concurrency-safe.
This CL moves Prog allocation to its clients, the compiler and the assembler.

The assembler is so fast and generates so few Progs that it does not need
optimization of Prog allocation. I could not generate measureable changes.
And even if I could, the assembly is a miniscule portion of build times.

The compiler already has a natural place to manage Prog allocation;
this CL migrates the Prog cache there.
It will be made concurrency-safe in a later CL by
partitioning the Prog cache into chunks and assigning each chunk
to a different goroutine to manage.

This CL does cause a performance degradation when the compiler
is invoked with the -S flag (to dump assembly).
However, such usage is rare and almost always done manually.
The one instance I know of in a test is TestAssembly
in cmd/compile/internal/gc, and I did not detect
a measurable performance impact there.

Passes toolstash-check -all.
Minor compiler performance impact.

Updates #15756

Performance impact from just this CL:

name        old time/op     new time/op     delta
Template        213ms ± 4%      213ms ± 4%    ~     (p=0.571 n=49+49)
Unicode        89.1ms ± 3%     89.4ms ± 3%    ~     (p=0.388 n=47+48)
GoTypes         581ms ± 2%      584ms ± 3%  +0.56%  (p=0.019 n=47+48)
SSA             6.48s ± 2%      6.53s ± 2%  +0.84%  (p=0.000 n=47+49)
Flate           128ms ± 4%      128ms ± 4%    ~     (p=0.832 n=49+49)
GoParser        152ms ± 3%      152ms ± 3%    ~     (p=0.815 n=48+47)
Reflect         371ms ± 4%      371ms ± 3%    ~     (p=0.617 n=50+47)
Tar             112ms ± 4%      112ms ± 3%    ~     (p=0.724 n=49+49)
XML             208ms ± 3%      208ms ± 4%    ~     (p=0.678 n=49+50)
[Geo mean]      284ms           285ms       +0.18%

name        old user-ns/op  new user-ns/op  delta
Template         251M ± 7%       252M ±11%    ~     (p=0.704 n=49+50)
Unicode          107M ± 7%       108M ± 5%  +1.25%  (p=0.036 n=50+49)
GoTypes          738M ± 3%       740M ± 3%    ~     (p=0.305 n=49+48)
SSA             8.83G ± 2%      8.86G ± 4%    ~     (p=0.098 n=47+50)
Flate            146M ± 6%       147M ± 3%    ~     (p=0.584 n=48+41)
GoParser         178M ± 6%       179M ± 5%  +0.93%  (p=0.036 n=49+48)
Reflect          441M ± 4%       446M ± 7%    ~     (p=0.218 n=44+49)
Tar              126M ± 5%       126M ± 5%    ~     (p=0.766 n=48+49)
XML              245M ± 5%       244M ± 4%    ~     (p=0.359 n=50+50)
[Geo mean]       341M            342M       +0.51%

Performance impact from this CL combined with its parent:

name        old time/op     new time/op     delta
Template        213ms ± 3%      214ms ± 4%    ~     (p=0.685 n=47+50)
Unicode        89.8ms ± 6%     90.5ms ± 6%    ~     (p=0.055 n=50+50)
GoTypes         584ms ± 3%      585ms ± 2%    ~     (p=0.710 n=49+47)
SSA             6.50s ± 2%      6.53s ± 2%  +0.39%  (p=0.011 n=46+50)
Flate           128ms ± 3%      128ms ± 4%    ~     (p=0.855 n=47+49)
GoParser        152ms ± 3%      152ms ± 3%    ~     (p=0.666 n=49+49)
Reflect         371ms ± 3%      372ms ± 3%    ~     (p=0.298 n=48+48)
Tar             112ms ± 5%      113ms ± 3%    ~     (p=0.107 n=49+49)
XML             208ms ± 3%      208ms ± 2%    ~     (p=0.881 n=50+49)
[Geo mean]      285ms           285ms       +0.26%

name        old user-ns/op  new user-ns/op  delta
Template         254M ± 9%       252M ± 8%    ~     (p=0.290 n=49+50)
Unicode          106M ± 6%       108M ± 7%  +1.44%  (p=0.034 n=50+50)
GoTypes          741M ± 4%       743M ± 4%    ~     (p=0.992 n=50+49)
SSA             8.86G ± 2%      8.83G ± 3%    ~     (p=0.158 n=47+49)
Flate            147M ± 4%       148M ± 5%    ~     (p=0.832 n=50+49)
GoParser         179M ± 5%       178M ± 5%    ~     (p=0.370 n=48+50)
Reflect          441M ± 6%       445M ± 7%    ~     (p=0.246 n=45+47)
Tar              126M ± 6%       126M ± 6%    ~     (p=0.815 n=49+50)
XML              244M ± 3%       245M ± 4%    ~     (p=0.190 n=50+50)
[Geo mean]       342M            342M       +0.17%

Change-Id: I020f1c079d495fbe2e15ccb51e1ea2cc1b5a1855
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/39634
Run-TryBot: Josh Bleecher Snyder <josharian@gmail.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>