cmd/compile/internal/syntax: fix error handling for Read/Parse calls

cmd/compile/internal/syntax: fix error handling for Read/Parse calls

- define syntax.Error for cleaner error reporting
- abort parsing after first error if no error handler is installed
- make sure to always report the first error, if any
- document behavior of API calls
- while at it: rename ReadXXX -> ParseXXX (clearer)
- adjust cmd/compile noder.go accordingly

Fixes #17774.

Change-Id: I7893eedea454a64acd753e32f7a8bf811ddbb03c
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/32950
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>