go/types: record type information after detecting error

go/types: record type information after detecting error

The existing implementation stops recording type information once it
encounters an error. This results in missing type information that is
needed by various tools. This change handles a few commonly encountered
cases by continuing to check subtrees after errors. Also, add tests for
cases where the package fails to type-check.

Updates #22467

Change-Id: I1bb48d4cb8ae5548dca63bdd785ea2f69329e92b
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/123578
Run-TryBot: Rebecca Stambler <rstambler@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Alan Donovan <adonovan@google.com>