cmd/compile: simplify slice/array range loops for some element sizes

cmd/compile: simplify slice/array range loops for some element sizes

In range loops over slices and arrays besides a variable to track the
index an extra variable containing the address of the current element
is used. To compute a pointer to the next element the elements size is
added to the address.

On 386 and amd64 an element of size 1, 2, 4 or 8 bytes can by copied
from an array using a MOV instruction with suitable addressing mode
that uses the start address of the array, the index of the element and
element size as scaling factor. Thereby, for arrays and slices with
suitable element size we can avoid keeping and incrementing an extra
variable to compute the next elements address.

Shrinks cmd/go by 4 kilobytes.

AMD64:
name                   old time/op    new time/op    delta
BinaryTree17              2.66s ± 7%     2.54s ± 0%  -4.53%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
Fannkuch11                3.02s ± 1%     3.02s ± 1%    ~     (p=0.579 n=10+10)
FmtFprintfEmpty          45.6ns ± 1%    42.2ns ± 1%  -7.46%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
FmtFprintfString         69.8ns ± 1%    70.4ns ± 1%  +0.84%  (p=0.041 n=10+10)
FmtFprintfInt            80.1ns ± 1%    79.0ns ± 1%  -1.35%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
FmtFprintfIntInt          127ns ± 1%     125ns ± 1%  -1.00%  (p=0.007 n=10+9)
FmtFprintfPrefixedInt     158ns ± 2%     152ns ± 1%  -4.11%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
FmtFprintfFloat           218ns ± 1%     214ns ± 1%  -1.61%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
FmtManyArgs               508ns ± 1%     504ns ± 1%  -0.93%  (p=0.001 n=9+10)
GobDecode                6.76ms ± 1%    6.78ms ± 1%    ~     (p=0.353 n=10+10)
GobEncode                5.84ms ± 1%    5.77ms ± 1%  -1.31%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
Gzip                      223ms ± 1%     218ms ± 1%  -2.39%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
Gunzip                   40.3ms ± 1%    40.4ms ± 3%    ~     (p=0.796 n=10+10)
HTTPClientServer         73.5µs ± 0%    73.3µs ± 0%  -0.28%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
JSONEncode               12.7ms ± 1%    12.6ms ± 8%    ~     (p=0.173 n=8+10)
JSONDecode               57.5ms ± 1%    56.1ms ± 2%  -2.40%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
Mandelbrot200            3.80ms ± 1%    3.86ms ± 6%    ~     (p=0.579 n=10+10)
GoParse                  3.25ms ± 1%    3.23ms ± 1%    ~     (p=0.052 n=10+10)
RegexpMatchEasy0_32      74.4ns ± 1%    76.9ns ± 1%  +3.39%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
RegexpMatchEasy0_1K       243ns ± 2%     248ns ± 1%  +1.86%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
RegexpMatchEasy1_32      71.0ns ± 2%    72.8ns ± 1%  +2.55%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
RegexpMatchEasy1_1K       370ns ± 1%     383ns ± 0%  +3.39%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
RegexpMatchMedium_32      107ns ± 0%     113ns ± 1%  +5.33%  (p=0.000 n=6+10)
RegexpMatchMedium_1K     35.0µs ± 1%    36.0µs ± 1%  +3.13%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
RegexpMatchHard_32       1.65µs ± 1%    1.69µs ± 1%  +2.23%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
RegexpMatchHard_1K       49.8µs ± 1%    50.6µs ± 1%  +1.59%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
Revcomp                   398ms ± 1%     396ms ± 1%  -0.51%  (p=0.043 n=10+10)
Template                 63.4ms ± 1%    60.8ms ± 0%  -4.11%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
TimeParse                 318ns ± 1%     322ns ± 1%  +1.10%  (p=0.005 n=10+10)
TimeFormat                323ns ± 1%     336ns ± 1%  +4.15%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)

Updates: #15809.

Change-Id: I55915aaf6d26768e12247f8a8edf14e7630726d1
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/38061
Run-TryBot: Martin Möhrmann <moehrmann@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>