cmd/compile: cache CFG-dependent computations

cmd/compile: cache CFG-dependent computations

We compute a lot of stuff based off the CFG: postorder traversal,
dominators, dominator tree, loop nest.  Multiple phases use this
information and we end up recomputing some of it.  Add a cache
for this information so if the CFG hasn't changed, we can reuse
the previous computation.

Change-Id: I9b5b58af06830bd120afbee9cfab395a0a2f74b2
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/29356
Reviewed-by: David Chase <drchase@google.com>