runtime: implement addrRanges.findSucc with a binary search
This change modifies addrRanges.findSucc to more efficiently find the
successor range in an addrRanges by using a binary search to narrow down
large addrRanges and iterate over no more than 8 addrRanges.
This change makes the runtime more robust against systems that may
aggressively randomize the address space mappings it gives the runtime
(e.g. Fuchsia).
For #40191.
Change-Id: If529df2abd2edb1b1496d8690ddd284ecd7138c2
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/242679
Trust: Michael Knyszek <mknyszek@google.com> Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com> Reviewed-by: Michael Pratt <mpratt@google.com>