runtime/race: make test more robust

runtime/race: make test more robust

The test is flaky on builders lately. I don't see any issues other than
usage of very small sleeps. So increase the sleeps. Also take opportunity
to refactor the code.
On my machine this change significantly reduces failure rate with GOMAXPROCS=2.
I can't reproduce the failure with GOMAXPROCS=1.

Fixes #10726

Change-Id: Iea6f10cf3ce1be5c112a2375d51c13687a8ab4c9
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/9803
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>