cmd/go/internal/modfetch: fix concurrent read/write race in modfetch

cmd/go/internal/modfetch: fix concurrent read/write race in modfetch

On Windows systems, the failure rate for cmd/go's TestScript/mod_concurrent
is somewhere around 3-10% without this change. With the change, I have yet
to see a failure.

Fixes #31744.

Change-Id: Ib321ebb9556dd8438086cf329dfa083a9e051732
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/174439
Run-TryBot: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>