all: add a few links in package godocs

all: add a few links in package godocs

I noticed the one in path/filepath while reading the docs,
and the other ones were found via some quick grepping.

Change-Id: I386f2f74ef816a6d18aa2f58ee6b64dbd0147c9e
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/478795
Run-TryBot: Daniel Martí <mvdan@mvdan.cc>
Reviewed-by: Heschi Kreinick <heschi@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gopher Robot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@google.com>