cmd/cgo, runtime: add checks for passing pointers from Go to C

cmd/cgo, runtime: add checks for passing pointers from Go to C

This implements part of the proposal in issue 12416 by adding dynamic
checks for passing pointers from Go to C.  This code is intended to be
on at all times.  It does not try to catch every case.  It does not
implement checks on calling Go functions from C.

The new cgo checks may be disabled using GODEBUG=cgocheck=0.

Update #12416.

Change-Id: I48de130e7e2e83fb99a1e176b2c856be38a4d3c8
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/16003
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>