fmt: part 2 of the great flag rebuild: make %+v work in formatters

fmt: part 2 of the great flag rebuild: make %+v work in formatters
Apply a similar transformation to %+v that we did to %#v, making it
a top-level setting separate from the + flag itself. This fixes the
appearance of flags in Formatters and cleans up the code too,
probably making it a little faster.

Fixes #8835.

LGTM=iant
R=golang-codereviews, iant
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/154820043