cmd/compile: strengthen SetFields/Width safety guarantee

cmd/compile: strengthen SetFields/Width safety guarantee

It is currently possible in the compiler to create a struct type,
calculate the widths of types that depend on it,
and then alter the struct type.

transformclosure has local protection against this.
Protect against it at a deeper level.

This is preparation to call dowidth automatically,
rather than explicitly.

Change-Id: Ic1578ca014610197cfe54a9f4d044d122a7217e8
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/38469
Run-TryBot: Josh Bleecher Snyder <josharian@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>