cmd/compile: make liveness more efficient

cmd/compile: make liveness more efficient

When the number of variables in a function is very large,
liveness analysis gets less efficient, since every bit vector
is O(number of variables).

Improve the situation by returning a sparse representation
from progeffects. In all scenarios, progeffects either
returns a slice that is shared function-wide,
and which is usually small, or a slice that is guaranteed
to have at most three values.

Reduces compilation time for the code in #8225 Comment 1 by ~10%.
Minor effects on regular packages (below).

Passes toolstash -cmp.

Updates #8225

name       old time/op      new time/op      delta
Template        215ms ± 2%       212ms ± 4%  -1.31%  (p=0.001 n=30+30)
Unicode        98.3ms ± 3%      98.4ms ± 5%    ~     (p=0.971 n=30+30)
GoTypes         657ms ± 3%       651ms ± 2%  -0.98%  (p=0.001 n=30+27)
Compiler        2.78s ± 2%       2.77s ± 2%  -0.60%  (p=0.006 n=30+30)
Flate           130ms ± 4%       130ms ± 4%    ~     (p=0.712 n=29+30)
GoParser        159ms ± 5%       158ms ± 3%    ~     (p=0.331 n=29+30)
Reflect         406ms ± 3%       404ms ± 3%  -0.69%  (p=0.041 n=29+30)
Tar             117ms ± 4%       117ms ± 3%    ~     (p=0.886 n=30+29)
XML             219ms ± 2%       217ms ± 2%    ~     (p=0.091 n=29+24)

name       old user-ns/op   new user-ns/op   delta
Template   272user-ms ± 3%  270user-ms ± 3%  -1.03%  (p=0.004 n=30+30)
Unicode    138user-ms ± 2%  138user-ms ± 3%    ~     (p=0.902 n=29+29)
GoTypes    891user-ms ± 2%  883user-ms ± 2%  -0.95%  (p=0.000 n=29+29)
Compiler   3.85user-s ± 2%  3.84user-s ± 2%    ~     (p=0.236 n=30+30)
Flate      167user-ms ± 2%  166user-ms ± 4%    ~     (p=0.511 n=28+30)
GoParser   211user-ms ± 4%  210user-ms ± 3%    ~     (p=0.287 n=29+30)
Reflect    539user-ms ± 3%  536user-ms ± 2%  -0.59%  (p=0.034 n=29+30)
Tar        154user-ms ± 3%  155user-ms ± 4%    ~     (p=0.786 n=30+30)
XML        289user-ms ± 3%  288user-ms ± 4%    ~     (p=0.249 n=30+26)

name       old alloc/op     new alloc/op     delta
Template       40.7MB ± 0%      40.8MB ± 0%  +0.09%  (p=0.001 n=30+30)
Unicode        30.8MB ± 0%      30.8MB ± 0%    ~     (p=0.112 n=30+30)
GoTypes         123MB ± 0%       124MB ± 0%  +0.09%  (p=0.000 n=30+30)
Compiler        473MB ± 0%       473MB ± 0%  +0.05%  (p=0.000 n=30+30)
Flate          26.5MB ± 0%      26.5MB ± 0%    ~     (p=0.186 n=29+30)
GoParser       32.3MB ± 0%      32.4MB ± 0%  +0.07%  (p=0.021 n=28+30)
Reflect        84.4MB ± 0%      84.6MB ± 0%  +0.21%  (p=0.000 n=30+30)
Tar            27.3MB ± 0%      27.3MB ± 0%  +0.09%  (p=0.010 n=30+28)
XML            44.7MB ± 0%      44.7MB ± 0%  +0.07%  (p=0.002 n=30+30)

name       old allocs/op    new allocs/op    delta
Template         401k ± 1%        400k ± 1%    ~     (p=0.321 n=30+30)
Unicode          331k ± 1%        331k ± 1%    ~     (p=0.357 n=30+28)
GoTypes         1.24M ± 0%       1.24M ± 1%  -0.19%  (p=0.001 n=30+30)
Compiler        4.27M ± 0%       4.27M ± 0%  -0.13%  (p=0.000 n=30+30)
Flate            252k ± 1%        251k ± 1%  -0.30%  (p=0.005 n=30+30)
GoParser         325k ± 1%        325k ± 1%    ~     (p=0.224 n=28+30)
Reflect         1.06M ± 0%       1.05M ± 0%  -0.34%  (p=0.000 n=30+30)
Tar              266k ± 1%        266k ± 1%    ~     (p=0.333 n=30+30)
XML              416k ± 1%        415k ± 1%    ~     (p=0.144 n=30+29)

Change-Id: I6ba67a9203516373062a2618122306da73333d98
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/36211
Run-TryBot: Josh Bleecher Snyder <josharian@gmail.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>