strconv: optimize formatting for small decimal ints

strconv: optimize formatting for small decimal ints

Avoid memory allocations by returning pre-calculated strings
for decimal ints in the range 0..99.

Benchmark results:

name              old time/op    new time/op    delta
FormatInt-4         2.45µs ± 1%    2.40µs ± 1%    -1.86%  (p=0.000 n=8+9)
AppendInt-4         1.67µs ± 1%    1.65µs ± 0%    -0.92%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
FormatUint-4         676ns ± 3%     669ns ± 1%      ~     (p=0.146 n=10+10)
AppendUint-4         467ns ± 2%     474ns ± 0%    +1.58%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
FormatIntSmall-4    29.6ns ± 2%     3.3ns ± 0%   -88.98%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
AppendIntSmall-4    16.0ns ± 1%     8.5ns ± 0%   -46.98%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)

name              old alloc/op   new alloc/op   delta
FormatInt-4           576B ± 0%      576B ± 0%      ~     (all equal)
AppendInt-4          0.00B          0.00B           ~     (all equal)
FormatUint-4          224B ± 0%      224B ± 0%      ~     (all equal)
AppendUint-4         0.00B          0.00B           ~     (all equal)
FormatIntSmall-4     2.00B ± 0%     0.00B       -100.00%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
AppendIntSmall-4     0.00B          0.00B           ~     (all equal)

name              old allocs/op  new allocs/op  delta
FormatInt-4           37.0 ± 0%      35.0 ± 0%    -5.41%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
AppendInt-4           0.00           0.00           ~     (all equal)
FormatUint-4          6.00 ± 0%      6.00 ± 0%      ~     (all equal)
AppendUint-4          0.00           0.00           ~     (all equal)
FormatIntSmall-4      1.00 ± 0%      0.00       -100.00%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
AppendIntSmall-4      0.00           0.00           ~     (all equal)

Fixes #19445

Change-Id: Ib1f8922f2e0b13743c847ee9e703d1dab77f705c
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/37963
Reviewed-by: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>