database/sql: add context helper methods and transaction types

database/sql: add context helper methods and transaction types

Prior to this change, it was implied that transaction properties
would be carried in the context value. However, no such properties
were defined, not even common ones. Define two common properties:
isolation level and read-only. Drivers may choose to support
additional transaction properties. It is not expected any
further transaction properties will be added in the future.

Change-Id: I2f680115a14a1333c65ba6f943d9a1149d412918
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/31258
Run-TryBot: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>