cmd/go: fix 'go test' and 'go fmt' with files outside a module
Use the actual loader result in findModule instead of making
assumptions about nesting in the build list.
As a side-effect, this produces much clearer error messages for
packages that (for one reason or another) failed to load.
Adjust the package and module path outside a module to
"command-line-arguments". That string already appears in the output of
a number of (module-mode and GOPATH-mode) commands for file arguments,
and as far as I can tell operation outside a module is currently the
only case in which the module path of a package is not actually a
prefix of the import path.