cmd/doc: add test

cmd/doc: add test

Refactor main a bit to make it possible to run tests without an exec every time.
(Makes a huge difference in run time.)

Add a silver test. Not quite golden, since it looks for pieces rather than the
full output, and also includes tests for what should not appear.

Fixes #10920.

Change-Id: I6a4951cc14e61763379754a10b0cc3484d30c267
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/11272
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>