[dev.garbage] runtime: scan and mark phase refactoring

[dev.garbage] runtime: scan and mark phase refactoring

Refactoring of the scan and mark phase so that concurrent GC,
in particular the write barrier, can share a common infrastructure.
Now that the scan and mark phases have been separated
we will be able to scan stacks without blackening any objects.
This in turn will allow us to delay installing expensive write barrier code.

LGTM=rsc
R=rsc, khr, dvyukov
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/145640044