cmd/compile: introduce LivenessMap and LivenessIndex
Currently liveness only produces a stack map index at each safe point,
so the information is summarized in a map[*ssa.Value]int. We're about
to have both a stack map index and a register map index, so replace
the int with a LivenessIndex type we can extend, and replace the map
with a LivenessMap that we can also change more easily in the future.
This also gives us an easy hook for defining the value that means "not
a safe point".