os: clean up tests

os: clean up tests

- Use testenv.Command instead of exec.Command to try to get more
  useful timeout behavior.

- Parallelize tests that appear not to require global state.
  (And add explanatory comments for a few that are not
  parallelizable for subtle reasons.)

- Consolidate some “Helper” tests with their parent tests.

- Use t.TempDir instead of os.MkdirTemp when appropriate.

- Factor out subtests for repeated test helpers.

For #36107.
Updates #22315.

Change-Id: Ic24b6957094dcd40908a59f48e44c8993729222b
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/458015
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gopher Robot <gobot@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Bryan Mills <bcmills@google.com>
Auto-Submit: Bryan Mills <bcmills@google.com>