cmd/gc: factor newly-portable code into gc directory

cmd/gc: factor newly-portable code into gc directory

This isn't everything, but it's a start.
Still producing bit-identical compiler output.

The semantics of the old back ends is preserved,
even when they are probably buggy.
There are some TODOs in gc/gsubr.c to
remove special cases to preserve bugs in 5g and 8g.

Change-Id: I28ae295fbfc94ef9df43e13ab96bd6fc2f194bc4
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3802
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>