cmd/link, etc: store typelinks as offsets

cmd/link, etc: store typelinks as offsets

This is the first in a series of CLs to replace the use of pointers
in binary read-only data with offsets.

In standard Go binaries these CLs have a small effect, shrinking
8-byte pointers to 4-bytes. In position-independent code, it also
saves the dynamic relocation for the pointer. This has a significant
effect on the binary size when building as PIE, c-archive, or
c-shared.

darwin/amd64:
	cmd/go: -12KB (0.1%)
	jujud:  -82KB (0.1%)

linux/amd64 PIE:
	cmd/go:  -86KB (0.7%)
	jujud:  -569KB (0.7%)

For #6853.

Change-Id: Iad5625bbeba58dabfd4d334dbee3fcbfe04b2dcf
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/21284
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: David Crawshaw <crawshaw@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>