cmd/go: add support for concurrent backend compilation

cmd/go: add support for concurrent backend compilation

It is disabled by default.
It can be enabled by setting the environment variable
GO19CONCURRENTCOMPILATION=1.

Benchmarking results are presented in a grid.
Columns are different values of c (compiler backend concurrency);
rows are different values of p (process concurrency).

'go build -a std cmd', a 4 core raspberry pi 3:

            c=1        c=2        c=4
StdCmd/p=1  504s ± 2%  413s ± 4%  367s ± 3%
StdCmd/p=2  314s ± 3%  266s ± 4%  267s ± 4%
StdCmd/p=4  254s ± 5%  241s ± 5%  238s ± 6%

'go build -a std cmd', an 8 core darwin/amd64 laptop:

            c=1         c=2         c=4         c=6         c=8
StdCmd/p=1  40.4s ± 7%  31.0s ± 1%  27.3s ± 1%  27.8s ± 0%  27.7s ± 0%
StdCmd/p=2  21.9s ± 1%  17.9s ± 1%  16.9s ± 1%  17.0s ± 1%  17.2s ± 0%
StdCmd/p=4  17.4s ± 2%  14.5s ± 2%  13.3s ± 2%  13.5s ± 2%  13.6s ± 2%
StdCmd/p=6  16.9s ± 1%  14.2s ± 2%  13.1s ± 2%  13.2s ± 2%  13.3s ± 2%
StdCmd/p=8  16.7s ± 2%  14.2s ± 2%  13.2s ± 3%  13.2s ± 2%  13.4s ± 2%

'go build -a std cmd', a 96 core arm64 server:

             c=1         c=2         c=4         c=6         c=8         c=16        c=32        c=64        c=96
StdCmd/p=1    173s ± 1%   133s ± 1%   114s ± 1%   109s ± 1%   106s ± 0%   106s ± 1%   107s ± 1%   110s ± 1%   113s ± 1%
StdCmd/p=2   94.2s ± 2%  71.5s ± 1%  61.7s ± 1%  58.7s ± 1%  57.5s ± 2%  56.9s ± 1%  58.0s ± 1%  59.6s ± 1%  61.0s ± 1%
StdCmd/p=4   74.1s ± 2%  53.5s ± 1%  43.7s ± 2%  40.5s ± 1%  39.2s ± 2%  38.9s ± 2%  39.5s ± 3%  40.3s ± 2%  40.8s ± 1%
StdCmd/p=6   69.3s ± 1%  50.2s ± 2%  40.3s ± 2%  37.3s ± 3%  36.0s ± 3%  35.3s ± 2%  36.0s ± 2%  36.8s ± 2%  37.5s ± 2%
StdCmd/p=8   66.1s ± 2%  47.7s ± 2%  38.6s ± 2%  35.7s ± 2%  34.4s ± 1%  33.6s ± 2%  34.2s ± 2%  34.6s ± 1%  35.0s ± 1%
StdCmd/p=16  63.4s ± 2%  45.3s ± 2%  36.3s ± 2%  33.3s ± 2%  32.0s ± 3%  31.6s ± 2%  32.1s ± 2%  32.5s ± 2%  32.7s ± 2%
StdCmd/p=32  62.2s ± 1%  44.2s ± 2%  35.3s ± 2%  32.4s ± 2%  31.2s ± 2%  30.9s ± 2%  31.1s ± 2%  31.7s ± 2%  32.0s ± 2%
StdCmd/p=64  62.2s ± 1%  44.3s ± 2%  35.4s ± 2%  32.4s ± 2%  31.2s ± 2%  30.9s ± 2%  31.2s ± 2%  31.8s ± 3%  32.2s ± 3%
StdCmd/p=96  62.2s ± 2%  44.4s ± 2%  35.3s ± 2%  32.3s ± 2%  31.1s ± 2%  30.9s ± 3%  31.3s ± 2%  31.7s ± 1%  32.1s ± 2%

benchjuju, an 8 core darwin/amd64 laptop:

               c=1         c=2         c=4         c=6         c=8
BuildJuju/p=1  55.3s ± 0%  46.3s ± 0%  41.9s ± 0%  41.4s ± 1%  41.3s ± 0%
BuildJuju/p=2  33.7s ± 1%  28.4s ± 1%  26.7s ± 1%  26.6s ± 1%  26.8s ± 1%
BuildJuju/p=4  24.7s ± 1%  22.3s ± 1%  21.4s ± 1%  21.7s ± 1%  21.8s ± 1%
BuildJuju/p=6  20.6s ± 1%  19.3s ± 2%  19.4s ± 1%  19.7s ± 1%  19.9s ± 1%
BuildJuju/p=8  20.6s ± 2%  19.5s ± 2%  19.3s ± 2%  19.6s ± 1%  19.8s ± 2%

Updates #15756

Change-Id: I8a56e88953071a05eee764002024c54cd888a56c
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/41819
Run-TryBot: Josh Bleecher Snyder <josharian@gmail.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>