encoding/binary: read at most MaxVarintLen64 bytes in ReadUvarint
This CL ensures that ReadUvarint consumes only a limited
amount of input (instead of an unbounded amount).
On some inputs, ReadUvarint could read an arbitrary number
of bytes before deciding to return an overflow error.
After this CL, ReadUvarint returns that same overflow
error sooner, after reading at most MaxVarintLen64 bytes.
Fix authored by Robert Griesemer and Filippo Valsorda.
Thanks to Diederik Loerakker, Jonny Rhea, Raúl Kripalani,
and Preston Van Loon for reporting this.