bytes: optimize Buffer's Write, WriteString, WriteByte, and WriteRune

bytes: optimize Buffer's Write, WriteString, WriteByte, and WriteRune

In the common case, the grow method only needs to reslice the internal
buffer. Making another function call to grow can be expensive when Write
is called very often with small pieces of data (like a byte or rune).
Thus, we add a tryGrowByReslice method that is inlineable so that we can
avoid an extra call in most cases.

name                       old time/op    new time/op    delta
WriteByte-4                  35.5µs ± 0%    17.4µs ± 1%   -51.03%  (p=0.000 n=19+20)
WriteRune-4                  55.7µs ± 1%    38.7µs ± 1%   -30.56%  (p=0.000 n=18+19)
BufferNotEmptyWriteRead-4     304µs ± 5%     283µs ± 3%    -6.86%  (p=0.000 n=19+17)
BufferFullSmallReads-4       87.0µs ± 5%    66.8µs ± 2%   -23.26%  (p=0.000 n=17+17)

name                       old speed      new speed      delta
WriteByte-4                 115MB/s ± 0%   235MB/s ± 1%  +104.19%  (p=0.000 n=19+20)
WriteRune-4                 221MB/s ± 1%   318MB/s ± 1%   +44.01%  (p=0.000 n=18+19)

Fixes #17857

Change-Id: I08dfb10a1c7e001817729dbfcc951bda12fe8814
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/42813
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>